Allergies or hypersensitivity are an abnormal and exaggerated reaction of the immune system of some subjects to substances that are generally harmless to most individuals. These substances, known as allergens , can be : pollen ; specific foods ( e.g. soy, peanuts, fish, etc.) ; drugs; bee venom ; animal hair and dander; latex; food additives ; fabric dyes ; dust, etc.
The most common symptoms of an allergic reaction following exposure to the allergen include sneezing; itching ; nasal congestion; hives; swelling of the lips, tongue, face ; abdominal pain; diarrhea; nausea and, in severe cases, anaphylactic shock, that is, a potentially lethal reaction.
In allergies, two phases can be distinguished:
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Sensitization : a predisposed individual comes into contact , for the first time , with an allergen , causing the activation of the immune system in an exaggerated way (production of antibodies called Immunoglobulin E, IgE) . The body shows no visible signs of reaction , but this first exposure sensitizes him to the allergen.
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Allergic manifestation: the sensitized individual is exposed again to the allergen which triggers the actual allergic reaction .
MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ALLERGIES
Genetic predisposition ( atopy ) : Susceptibility to allergies can be inherited . If one or both parents have allergies, the likelihood that their children will suffer from allergies increases.
Environmental exposure : The environment plays a crucial role : pollutants , pollen levels , mites , mold etc ... can determine the severity and type of allergies. For example, people who live in highly industrialized areas may be more predisposed to developing more severe respiratory allergies .
Diet and Lifestyle : Emerging research suggests a link between diet and allergies. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables and fiber ( tolerable by the individual ) , can be a valid ally for the management of the daily life of the allergic subject .
Age: Allergies can develop at any age, but some allergies, especially food allergies, are more common in children. In contrast, adults may develop allergies due to prolonged exposure to allergens not encountered during childhood.
Climate change : Allergies are closely associated with urbanization and climate change. Rising temperatures may extend pollen season And extending potentially the duration of symptoms in allergic subjects .
TIPS FOR MANAGING ALLERGIES
Identify and avoid allergens : The first step in managing allergies is to identify and avoid your specific '' triggers . '' This may involve , for example, keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons, avoiding carpets and curtains, using anti-mite mattress covers, or avoiding certain foods.
Keep the air clean in your home /closed spaces : Use air conditioners equipped with HEPA filters ( High Efficiency Particulate Air ) that trap dust particles, pollen, animal dander which is why they are recommended for people who suffer from allergies or asthma . Replacing these filters regularly and keeping the rooms clean can significantly reduce the symptoms allergic.
Medicines: Medicines to manage allergies include: antihistamines , which block the action of histamine, the key substance in allergic reactions. allergies; decongestants , which reduce nasal congestion, making breathing easier; cortisone , which is useful for treating inflammation and is often prescribed for seasonal or perennial allergies.
Specific immunotherapy: indicated especially for patients with respiratory allergies to pollen, mites or molds, it involves gradual exposure to increasing quantities of allergens to increase tolerance. It can be administered (by medical personnel) through injections or sublingual tablets and/or drops.
Consult a specialist: the allergist determines the allergic disease, identifies the allergens responsible for the symptoms, develops an appropriate therapy and monitors its effectiveness and progress. This targeted approach helps to effectively manage the symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life.
Air Quality Monitoring : Monitoring air quality is essential, especially for those with respiratory allergies. Avoid outdoor activities when pollution levels are high.
